Disclosure of material facts by proposer of insurance Essay Example for Free

Disclosure of physical facts by proposer of insurance EssayA fact is considered to be material as per the provisions of Section 18(2) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 if it would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium, or determine whether he will take the risk. This rule applies is withal applicable to non-marine insurance and despite the proposals of the Law Commission not being addressed to marine insurance, doubtlessly the decisions of the courts on revelation of hull risks will charter repercussions for householders. The degrees of influence are given below. The three degrees of influence.(A) tuition part A is so material that the insurer, if he had known about it would gestate refused to enter the contract or in the alternative the insurer would have made boost investigations resulting in refusal to do so. (B) Information type B consists of facts, which if the insurer had been aware of, would have resulted in the insurers making the cont ract of insurance but on quite unlike terms eespecial(a)ly in respect of premium or conduction of a further investigations leading to insurance on a different trammel of terms altogether.The proposer has to reveal the material facts known to him whilst proposing insurance. However, in Berger Ltd. v. Pollock , non-disclosure of certain information, was held to be immaterial because the judge was far from satisfied that, if the undisclosed matters had been to the full reported and explained to these underwriters, they would in fact have declined to train this declaration under open cover or have sought to vary its terms or to require an increased rate of premium. (C) Information type C is that information, whose knowledge would have made the insurer consider it relevant but would not have resulted in the insurers refusal of the contract or insistence on different terms. It is information, which though affecting his judgment would have, in conjunction with other facts, had they been present, would have resulted in a different contract, but, which of its own accord, would not have affected the particular contract or its terms. This is the present position in England and is the consequence of the judgments of the administration of Appeal in CTI v. Oceanus .It has been suggested that this case propels English law in the direction suggested by the Law Commission. However, the Court of Appeals objective was to respect the Courts trip up of precedent. The reality is that the Court has succeeded in distancing the law from precedent, principle and the interests of the assured. This decision has met with almost universal concern and disappointment. CTI v. Oceanus CTI entered into an insurance contract successively with A, B and Oceanus. A and B being dissatisfied with the claims experience wanted a change in the terms of cover which were not acceptable to CTI .Hence, CTI insured with Oceanus on the basis of an enumerate of their past claims record which, was not co mplete or entirely fair and accordingly Oceanus endeavoured to avoid the policy for misrepresentation and non-disclosure. Lloyd J. held that, even in the event of disclosure of all the relevant information the insurer would have made this contract on the same terms and that such information, which could be classified as be to type C, not being material, the contract could not be avoided.On appeal the Court held that the undisclosed information was to be classified as type B and not type C and therefore the decision at first instance had to be reversed resulting in the avoidance of the insurance. Nevertheless, the Court also stated obiter but after hearing argument, that there is no requirement that the particular insurer should have been induced to take the risk or take down a lower premium than he would otherwise have done as a result of the non-disclosure. The consequence of all this is that information of type C in English law is material and its concealment enables the insurer to avoid the contract of insurance, without any reservations in respect of commercial insurance and most probable in other lines too. It was hinted by Kerr L. J. that this rule might differ in respect of consumer insurance but the Law Commission has refused to countenance a special rule for consumers. Practicality.First, despite the absence of an absolute standard, the test of materiality is that of the prudent insurer, which is an objective test controlled and applied by the court on the basis of in effect(p) evidence. This is similar to that of a reasonable man in tort. In the parlance of insurance practice this test of a prudent insurer is no more(prenominal) a genuine inquiry into a particular persons mind than it is in relation to the other reasonable or prudent persons who harp the rules of law to legitimise the dominant role of the judge.Secondly, despite the objective nature of the materiality test, it is not understandable as to why it is easier and therefore more pra gmatic sanction and definite to state that a fact has some influence or is of the type C, rather than to state that it has a decisive influence or that it empennage be classified as type A or type B. Thirdly, if the proposer has to perforce disclose information of the type C, then there is the further objection that probable assureds will be better off by exercising caution and not taking any risks by indulging in a total disclosure.The decision in CTI v. Oceanus does not take into cognizance the basic nature of misrepresentation and non-disclosure as connoting something that vitiates consent, in this case the consent of the insurer. It becomes to accept that the consent of the insurer was vitiated and that consequently the contract should be avoided, if the insurer would have made the same contract on the same terms, despite the pretermit of misrepresentation or disclosure.

Impact of Gunpowder

Impact of Gun pulverizationA Technology That Marked Major Progress Milestones in HistoryGUNPOWDERINTTRODUCTIONTechnology is a group of learning committed to making instruments, handling activities and extricating of materials. Everyone have their own way of understanding the meaning of technology or in another cry intromission. People use up innovation to develop their capacities, and that makes humans as the most vital piece of any mechanical mannequin. Innovation can eitherude to techniques cart track from as basic as dialect and stone devices to the complex hereditary building and data innovation that has risen since the 1980s. These advances invigorated social orders to contract bump approaches for living and administration, and in appurtenance better approaches for understanding their reality. One of that innovation completely changed the world was gun mill.Gunpowder, also cognize as black powder, is the earliest know chemic explosive which was invented in china by a Chinese alchemist mistakenly. It is a blend of sulphur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpetre). The carbon from the charcoal in addition to oxygen shapes carbon dioxide and vitality. The response would be moderate, similar to a wood wind up, with the exception of the oxidizing operator. Carbon in a fire must draw oxygen from the air. Saltpetre gives additional oxygen. Potassium nitrate, sulphur, and carbon respond together to shape nitrogen and carbon dioxide gasses and potassium sulphide. The expanding gases, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, gives the propelling action. Gunpowder tends to spend a penny a considerable measure of smoke, which can hinder vision on a front line or lessen the visibility of firecrackers. Changing the remainder of the component influences the rate at which the explosive consumes and the measure of smoke that is delivered. (ThoughtCo, 2017)As per legend, during the Tang dynasty (9th century) this Chinese chemist was searching for a formula to make th e doctor of life, or the mythical potion for immortality. Despite the fact that it was an accident, when they found the powder was exceptionally combustible, or consumed effectively, they chose to call it fire pharmaceutical. Not long after the disclosure, the Chinese weaponized the substance, or made weapons out of it, and during the time they would make numerous weapons utilizing pulverisation, including rockets, bombs, flamethrowers, and land mines before making guns and firearms. The most established weapon that utilizations explosive goes back to a bronze handheld gun made in north-eastern china in 1288. (Nathans Design Dissertation, 2017)Even though the earliest record of written formula for gun powder appeared in Song dynasty (11th century) this is listed as one of the four great invention in Chinese history. In any case, once the Chinese made smell out of that it had dangerous capacities, they squandered no time in fusing it into their military. The Chinese could make a jump in military innovation and went from the standard sword and bows and arrows to a military with mines and flamethrowers. With the disclosure of gunpowder came the innovation of the fire arrow, an arrow with gunpowder on its tip, in the year 989. Roughly 11 years after the fire arrow, in 1000, the Chinese designed the flame thrower. The utilization of weapons be that as it may, did not rise in mainland China until the mid-fourteenth Century. The military development that happened inside China in view of the black powder permitted China to have a more than grounded and more propelled military, prompting a general more secure nation. (AP area History 2012-2013, 2017)After the Mongols attacked China in the mid-13th Century, they proceeded with their conquests into India. In 1221, when the Mongols attacked India, they carried with them the information of gunpowder from China. By the 18th century, the Indians were able to make Mysorean rockets the main iron cast rockets to be utiliz ed by any military on the planet.But the secret of the gunpowder didnt stop spreading to the Middle east. From India, the gunpowder spread to the Middle East in the vicinity of 1240 and 1280.The last place to reach gunpowder was Eastern Europe. Like in India and the Middle East, it was brought into the area in view of the Mongol attacks. In any case, a portion of the learning of gunpowder was likewise transmitted to Europe through the Silk Road. At the point when the Europeans exchanged with the Middle East, the learning of gunpowder was carried into Europe alongside the exchange of merchandise. After getting the knowledge of gunpowder European chemists was interested in searching other alternative methods to improve the qualities of chemical contains. As a result of that European chemists made corned explosive. Corned black powder contained an indistinguishable chemicals from typical explosive however the refining subroutine included blending the explosive into a wet substance and after that drying the blend. A German monk, Berthold Schwarz, is credited with developing the principal European gun in 1353. Guns which had been originated in China or the Middle East were enhanced by Europeans. Propelled European metal work strategies permitted European metalsmiths to make more long unrelenting and sturdy rifles they likewise figured out how to compute the measure of drive of the gas in the load of the weapon. This learning help make weapons that shot more noteworthy separations.Europeans were all the while enhancing black powder a century after the Chinese had imagined the primary weapon. The European progressions of black powder would achieve China by a Portuguese ship in 1520. The Portuguese presented the gun, enhanced rifles and other European headways to the Chinese. Many years after the development of black powder the Europeans had given back the substance to its starting point and explosives voyage through Asia had turned up at ground zero.The Movement of Gunpowder from the East toward the westside(AP World History 2012-2013, 2017)If someone asks what were the precursor circumstances that acted as the motivation for the technology the answer is the overwhelming need of power. The advancement of gunpowder was vital in fighting first for its mental impacts, as the Chinese utilized flying fire (explosive arrow) against their Mongol foes. At the point when the innovation relocated toward the West, notwithstanding, its genuine revere was in its capacity to control fatal attack weapons and in the end put precise capability in the hands of common troopers. Prior to the innovation of the gun, attack weapons were huge, unwieldy and hard to build. Gunpowder as a furnish expanded the force accessible for anticipating rockets toward adversary emplacements, both expanding the harm these weapons could bring slightly and expanding their exactness also. Whats more, designers called sappers could burrow under adversary fortresses and pack their passages with gunpowder, bringing out stronghold dividers with unstable power. The scaling down of gun into guns gave a comparative modify capacity to normal fighters on the ground, permitting them a considerably more noteworthy successful range than they had with their past bows and crossbows. Guns likewise required less preparing than longbows, and the fast shots could however puncture the plate protective layer worn by knights of the time. At last, gunpowder required an entire revaluation of the specialty of fighting, and nations that were ease back to embrace the new innovation paid the cost on the combat zone. Other than military gunpowder were used in civil engineering and mining in early 15th century. The records of using gunpowder in mins come from Hungry in 1627. After that the technology was introduced to Britain by Germans in 1638. Other than mining gunpowder were used in the construction in canals and tunnels.The first gunpowder is not utilized today with the exception of in firecrackers and sparklers or as a boosting fuel for rocket launching. Like how it was for the most part utilized hundreds of years prior. It has been supplanted by a prevalent synthetic compound and utilized for the most part in slugs. A great deal more propelled mixes are utilized for explosives. One could state that the first gunpowder was the beginning stage for these current mixes. The most new-fashioned uses of gunpowder was Afghanistan war in 2001 which killed over 2000 and 22000 wounded, Korean war 1950-1953 which killed over 1800000 and 220000 wounded and world war 2 (1939-1945). Explosive has influenced todays general public by taking a great many lives and damaging a huge number of others. Gunpowder has additionally destroyed the lives of numerous families and companions of the casualties of contention. If this innovation didnt exist so there was a chance of preventing the wars and saving number of lives that couldnt even count. On the opposite side of the gunpow der has likewise been utilized to make firecrackers which have conveyed iniquitous happiness to the world. If this technology has taken away the invention that found based on gunpowder wouldnt be able to reach to the mankind or use it for the present manufacturing processes.In spite of the fact that gunpowder and its present day subsidiaries do in any case have some significant uses today, all ammunition utilized as a part of firearms all through the world is stacked with smokeless powder. Even though the gunpowder was the main known explosive compound until the mid-19th century, present day there are other alternative ways that are in use and still in process. As an example the American navy has been already tested 30-kilowatt LaWS system at sea aboard the amphibious transport and hoping to deploy varieties of the laser weapon framework in the armada by 2020. (Nationaldefensemagazine.org, 2017) Other than laser weapon the alternative weapon system that still in progress is portabl e versions of check guns. Besides the rail guns there might be a chance of producing projectile weapons which are electromagnetically accelerated or energy that transferred electronically to the projectile. (Cooney, 2017) When these technologies are known to the society in the future the gunpowder allow be forgotten from the usage and the memory. Even though that happens there is a saying that old is gold. Anyone cant predict what will happen in the future.Reference ListAP World History 2012-2013. (2017). Movement of Gunpowder from East to West. Online addressable at http//apworldhistory2012-2013.weebly.com/movement-of-gunpowder-from-east-to-west.html Accessed 27 Mar. 2017.Cooney, M. (2017). More railguns and lasers, less gunpowder the Navys future high-tech weaponry. Online Network World. Available at http//www.networkworld.com/article/2880535/security0/more-railguns-and-lasers-less-gunpowder-the-navy-s-future-high-tech-weaponry.html Accessed 17 Mar. 2017.Jeannielin.com. (2017) . Gunpowder Chronicles Behind the Scenes Jeannie Lin. online Available at http//www.jeannielin.com/gunpowder-chronicles/ Accessed 30 Mar. 2017.Monkeytree.org. (2017). Gunpowder in Europe. Online Available at http//www.monkeytree.org/silkroad/gunpowder/europe.html Accessed 19 Mar. 2017.Nathans Design Dissertation. (2017). Chapter One Inventions. Online Available at https//nathanman.wordpress.com/2010/10/29/chapter-one/ Accessed 26 Mar. 2017.Nationaldefensemagazine.org. (2017). Energy Weapons The Next Gunpowder?. Online Available at http//www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/June/Pages/EnergyWeaponsTheNextGunpowder.aspx Accessed 25 Mar. 2017.ThoughtCo. (2017). Learn How Gunpowder Works. Online Available at https//www.thoughtco.com/gunpowder-facts-and-history-607754 Accessed 26 Mar. 2017.

Supply chains and distribution in India

affix custody and scattering in IndiaAbstractIndias FMCG industry has emerged as a distinct sector over the drop dead hardly a(prenominal) decades. Multinationals atomic number 18 check intoking to pursue growth opportunities in emerging marts due to increased globalization and competition. India is angiotensin converting enzyme such(prenominal) emerging market that non only provides multinational companies with a macro customer rootage but in addition welcomes western products. Having a presence in India means sourcing, moving and touch up to one billion or more than(prenominal) units. In addition, the cost expectations and the larger surface of the consumer market will have implications on provide reachs. foremost-class leave background knowledge of mountains strategies for India will involve adopting efficient cognitive operationes enabling products to smoothly change hands from the supplier to the consumer while adapting to the constraints of cost, infras tructure availability and market size of the economy. Other constraints associated with political, religious or cultural barriers may also need to be considered.The report is divided into two major parts. One deals with the distribution chains prevalent in the urban market while the second part delves into the intricacies of the awkward distribution market. We follow the same format for both the parts outset with an introduction into the current trends found in the urban or country-bred market, then clearing our point with a case study and final examinationly presenting what atomic number 18 the contests faced by the companies.Supply strand Management in Urban region- IntroductionThe FMCG sector is the 4th largest sector in the country and has been growth in folds in the past few decades. The sector has both organized and unorganized players and the number of players in both the segments argon on increase, in addition to this in that location is also an increase in the nu mber of products introduced every year. Since the sector is characterized by the fast movement of goods and services its dependence on effective supply chain is higher than that of any other sector so supply chain wariness is become one of the most vital functions. Supply chain counseling in urban sector typically refers to procurement of raw materials, processing them into finished products and distributing them in the urban region till its reaches the end consumer. Every keep company/ firm in the FMCG sector has its own supply chain models which are similar yet different from one a nonher. Below are two examples of the supply chain models.The supply chain management in urban regions is more to do with choices for instance in logistic a firm can convey to transport the product via rail charges, roadways, airways or in some case even waterways. An effective supply chain will enable the firm to minimize the cost, increase returns, match the supply to the demand and ultimately sa tisfy the customers. An urban supply chain in most cases has clear cut distinction between the inward supply chain (pertaining to providing raw materials and components), in house supply chain (conversion process), outbound supply chain (distribution of good and services. The profile of the urban consumers plays a polar role in determining the supply chain because at the end without the consumer thither is no point in building up the supply chain model. Strategic decisions homogeneous number of consequence the firm would have to distribute its product, the kind of outlet, method to transport the product, places from were the raw material is procured, manufacturing method ( automate, semi automated or manual) etc are taken keeping the consumer and the utility of the product to the consumer in mind. This is on account that the urban consumers are well informed and there are many an(prenominal) competitors fighting for that consumer.The Supply orbit of dominoes Pizza (India)domino es Pizza in IndiaDominos Pizza opened its first investment trust in India in 1996. Jubilant FoodWorks Limited, a Jubilant Bhartia Group Company holds the Master Franchisee Rights for Dominos Pizza for India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Prior to Sep 24, 2009, the company was known as Dominos Pizza India Limited and underwent a name change, rest of the terms remaining the same. The promoters of the company are Mr. Shyam S Bhartia, Mr. Hari S Bhartia and Jubilant Enpro Private Ltd. To twenty-four hour stop consonant Dominos has more than 300 depots in India with more than 9000 employees. According to the India Retail Report 2009, we were the largest Pizza chain in India and the fastest growing multinational fast nourishment chain between 2006-2007 and 2008-2009 in terms of number of stores.Over the years Dominos Pizza has focused on-Delivering great tasting pizza piesSuperior forestExceptional Customer serviceThink global and act localValue for silver offeringsBeing a home delivery specialist commensurate of delivering pizzas within 30 minutes or else FREERevenue in India70% of the revenue comes from home deliveries30% of the revenue comes from OTC sales30 minute GuaranteeDominos has its unique proposition that they deliver pizza at a customers doorstep within 30 mins of placing the order or they would set out the pizza free. They have positioned themselves as a brand that delivers happiness home (Khushiyon ki Home Delivery) has an emotional benefit which they offer to their customersDominos Supply ambit IntegrationShown below is a high level flow of the supply chain followed by Dominos Pizza, India-Raw Material ProcurementDistributionLogistics record ManagementOperational StrategyProduction ProcessQuality InitiativesCustomer ServiceRRaw Material ProcurementDominos has 4 commissaries or production kitchens-cum-warehouses (Regional Centralized Facilities) in IndiaDelhiCaters to 54 outlets in NCR region including 33 outlets in Delhi City itselfBangal oreCaters to 90+ outlets across south zoneKolkataCaters to 15+ outlets in KolkataMumbaiCaters to 80+ outlets in Maharashtra including 51 in Mumbai and 15 in PuneRaw materials like Wheat is brought in from Jalandhar and sent to commissaries in refrigerated trucks. Pizza popsicle is prepared using a proprietary recipe in the commissaries. They are then made into dough balls and sent to sell outlets in refrigerated trucks. Vegetables like tomato, capsicum, baby corn, onion and spices are purchased locally. Cheese is brought in from Karnal, Haryana. Food which is frozen is sent in these trucks at -18 deg Celsius.It uses a hub and spoke model with commissaries as Hub and sell outlets as spokes.LogisticsWheat (Jalandar)Dough Vegetables (Local) Cheese (Karnal)CommissaryRefrigerated Trucks Retail OutletsInventory ManagementMajor inventory consists of perishable items with a very small shelf life. Some of the items are tabulated below-ITEMSHELF LIFEDough Ball3-4 twenty-four hourssSeaso ning and Toppings4-5 daysOnion, Capsicum , Tomato5 daysCheese Blend4-5 daysChicken Meat2-3 daysCheese Dip4-5 daysMexican Wrap Base3-4 daysEach store maintains approximately 4 days of inventory since most of the items have a shelf life of around 3-4 days. Inventory is refilled by trucks from the commissary every 4 days. in that respect is a mini cold storage in every outlet. Inventory levels are monitored centimerally by POS (point of sales) data using Intura Vision (POS management system) installed in every outlet. Intura Vision is the simplest and most reliable point-of-sale management system available for delivery and quick service restaurant operations. Intura Vision streamlines every tone of your operation, including order taking, credit card processing, kitchen management, deliveries, inventory, and customer marketing, to make your business more efficient and profitable. There are two POS per outlet. Orders are received in telephonic form also there are in-store orders.Prod uction ProcessThe entire production process is streamlined into three coiffures-Dough TableHere the pizza base is prepared. It is rolled out of the dough ball. There are three standard sizes Personal (8 inches), Medium (10 inches) and Large (14 inches). Personal, medium and large serves one, two and four persons respectively.Then cheese blend is applied on the base. The entire process of making a pizza base takes 1-2 minutes.Bake lineIn this stage toppings and seasonings are applied on the top of the prepared base. The choice of toppings depends upon the pizza ordered. Customers also have the facility to customise their own pizza by choosing their toppings from a variety of toppings available. Toppings can be veg, non-veg or both. Customer can also choose the seasoning they prefer depending upon the spices they would like to have in their pizza. The entire process of make line is 1 minute.VenThe pizza is then ready to be baked in oven. The temperature maintained is 470 Fahrenheit. Oven has a capacity to bake 6-7 pizzas in one slot. The pizza needs to be baked for about 5-6 minutes. The ovens used now-a-days are fully automatic along with a conveyer belt, so that the flow is continuous.In case of production in India, Dominos has a turnout of 1 pizza per minute. This meets the current demand requirement. The constraint here is the oven. They have overcome this by withdrawing the 30 min guarantee during festivals like New Year, Christmas, Diwali and rush-hours.Operations StrategyDominos follows a hub and spoke distribution network wherein the 4 commissaries are the hubs and the sell outlets are the spokes. The raw material is replenished in the outlets from the hubs every 4 days or when it gets over, whichever is earlier. Vegetables are purchased locally (delayed differentiation). They have incorporated IST (interstore transfer) to cater to sudden spikes in the orders during special occasions wherein inventory falls short. In such cases material from approachb y store is transferred to the critical store so that there is no curb in operations. They also have performance based costing for their employees where employees are given incentives depending upon the volume of sales which they achieve. Higher the sales better the incentives.Present side due to mismanaged Supply Chain in IndiaIn India, about 60% of food appreciate is mislaid in the supply chain from the farm to the final consumer. Consumers end up paying approximately 35 per centum more than what they could be paying if the supply chain was refined, because of wastage as well as aggregate margins in the present supply structure. Comparing with what returns farmers in India get (30%), in the USA the farmers can receive up to 70 percent of the final retail price and wastage levels are as low as 4 to 6 percent. Therefore we can appreciate the benefits that could be generated from implementing those practices and tapping those skills for the supply chain in India. The conditional relation can be understood by the fact that the logisticscost component in our country is as high as 7 10 percent against the global average of 4 5 percent of the total retail price. Therefore, the margins in the retail sector can be improved by 3 5 percent by just improving the supply chain management.Supply Chain Challenges Urban IndiaSome key reasons of underperformance of supply chain management in urban India1. Supply chain risk mitigation in an economic downturnsupplier financial risk,volatility in energy, commodity, labor pass judgment and currency exchange,unpredictable economic re enshroudies.2. Searching for running(a) capitalFMCG companies will project to reduce inventory and lower operating or carrying costs.Buyers will look to extend payment termsSuppliers will drive to collect receivables more quickly, creating the need for a liquidity buffer such as supply chain financing3. Shortening the supply chain by making proper use of transportation facilityCompanies wi ll need to plan a distribution system that takes care of the realities of domestic transportation infrastructure. Indias supply chains must contend with slow transit networks and inadequate infrastructure. For example, 70 % of Indias seaborne trade is handled by just 2 of the 12 major ports. The Railways is also constrained when it comes to cargo movements. Historically, the countrys rail capacity was limited to passenger traffic, and people protested the use of rail for freight movement. Only of late has the government initiated efforts to promote rail shipments.Most commercial shipments in India make their journey aboard a truck. Hiring a carrier meant working with a small trucking company, as the country has no large, national transportation companies. A recent study of the transportation industry found that the legal age of carriers had less than five trucks in their fleets. Scheduling deliveries and pickups also can be tricky. At present, most warehouses are located in the he art of Indian cities, and many municipalities prohibit large truck movements during daytime hours. It is possible to negotiate special exemptions in some places, but generally shippers must plan on iniquity movements. Another alternative is to unload large shipments at a cross dock outside the city and move orders to smaller vehicles for delivery.4). More free-trade agreements and more interrogationThe entry of foreign players in the retail segment will increase competition even further. More importantly multi-national companies might be having more money at their disposal. Thirdly they will also have access to latest technology and a ready highly efficient model to implement from.5). Push-pull confinesIncreased competition, and fluctuating demand will make it difficult to identify the points at which the flow of goods switches from being pulled by consumers to being pushed by extractors..6). Maintenance of pencil eraser farm animalInstead of having huge safety stocks at differ ent places, centralized place will have to be used to have even more cash liquidity and lesser availability of godowns.7) Judicious use of newer technologies and decision making toolsUse of newer technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) continue to change the way SCM systems are designed and managed. Until recently, barcodes were the primary means of tracking packages. The advent of cheap, reliable RFID technologies have eliminated the need to physically scan packages in shipment, storage, etc, since packages with the embedded chips can be remotely scanned.8) Creating a demand-driven supply chainTo support a demand-driven supply chain, FMCG companies must deploy performance-oriented supply chain practices, such as continuous supervise and alert notification. This will give them a clear idea of their total supply network to adapt to changes in demand and adjust based on real-time insight into global operations. A reliable demand plan provides the foundation for sal es and ops planning (SOP) which helps FMCG companies better arrange daily operational more effectively balance supply and demand and make better decisions that impact both the top and bottom lines.9) Other problems faced.Inadequacies in infrastructure such as lack of high quality road networks, power shortages and insufficient storage spaces.The current rise in property prices and rentals may render a few retail business models unviable.The retail industry loses to the tune of US$120 to US$130 million every year in frauds, thefts and employee pilferage, range lifting, vendor frauds or inaccurate supervision despite using standard and modern security featuresMultiple taxes at the federal and state level hobnailed Market IntroductionThe FMCG sector in the urban areas is becoming quite saturated (though it will continue to dominate in the next 8 10 years) while the penetration in the inelegant areas are only about 1%.The cracker-barrel areas have and will continue to make up more than 50% of Indias total households and accounting for more than its current 66% contribution to total FMCG consumption.Rural India has a large consuming class with 41 per cent of Indias middle-class and 58 per cent of the total disposable income.Currently, nearly 34% of the off take of FMCG companies come form verdant areas. Companies like HUL, ITC and Colgate have already established good distribution networks in these regions. Other companies would start catering to these regions in near future.Figure 1 Urban and Rural growth order (Personal Care products)A huge segment of this market is currently flooded with obscure brands that are largely manufactured and distributed by small and medium enterprises. However, with the growing competition in the FMCG business, it has become difficult for SMEs to market their products sustainably. This is mainly due to the solidly established brand images of bigger players and the increasingly sophisticated demands of the urban customer. SMEs also lack the capital investment needed to compete with bigger players.However, with the growing economy, substantial business opportunities for FMCG producers have emerged in the Indian rural sector. The rural FMCG market is growing with a CAGR of 3-4%. In the case of products like soaps, talcum powder, cooking oil, tea, cigarettes and hair oil, the share of rural market crosses 50%. The capital expenditure of urban consumers on FMCG products is Rs. 49,500 crore, while that spent by rural population is over Rs.63,500 crore. This is indicates the growth rate and participation of rural FMCG markets in India. Despite the huge scope for FMCG products in the fast-emerging rural markets, some gray areas need to be worked out before SMEs can establish sustainable businesses Rural India does not represent a homogeneous market. The tastes and preferences of the consumers vary from district to district in the country. With changes in the language and dialect, advertising has to be tailored s pecifically for different target consumers. Networks are not efficient to tackle the distribution demands. Problems exist in reaching the interiors of the country. Initial expenditures to develop distributor networks are immense, because in Roads and communication networks are not efficient to tackle the distribution demands. As there is little consumer research regarding the rural markets, companies commit the folly of overestimating the awareness of product usage in the rural market. The Indian consumer is traditionally price sensitive and more so in the rural parts. Multinational companies that modify portions and packaging to create a greater value proposition have succeeded in targeting the rural consumer. The rural distributor cannot stock a large variety of products because of credit problems. in addition as the retailer plays a vital role in the village in convincing the consumer about the usage of the product, it becomes imperative to provide sufficient information and inf rastructure support to stock adequate inventory of goods. Major global brands have included villagers in their distribution channels, not only providing employment but also extending the reach in the rural markets. While increased penetration of telecommunication has resulted in an increased awareness among villagers, it is still important to understand that a major chunk of rural community is not educated enough to comprehend the technicalities of the product/brand usage.Models for Rural distribution chainsApproach 1 Dedicated Rural enterpriser The Individual is preferred to have a two wheeler and act as the spoke between the super stockiest and the villages in a hub and spoke model. He is expected to know the area well and has sufficient education to run a business. He is recruited to cover the nearby areas as well ( upto a 40KM range). He acts as the point of contact to receive and deliver the goods to the respective stores in his area of service.The analysis says this model wo rks well for products that cost more than 75 per Kilo and the important part is that the company need not worry about the administration part of the operation.Approach 2 Distributor consolidation for urban and rural markets Here we are to consolidate the urban distributor and the super and sub stockiest into a single group to serve the retail outlets. This entity is supposed to cover the town and the villages nearby.Approach 3 Consolidated Distribution with tele-order bookingRural tele-density in India is expected to go up in the near future. This would help to claim the role of saleman an facilitate moderate communication with the rural retail outlets to the super stockiest. However the drawback is that the company might loose on the relationship with the retail store in the absence of a sales person.Approach 4 Distributor choice based on unutilized reverse logistics potentialAnother non-traditional form of collaboration for rural distribution could be to partner with other part ner low-margin, high-reach players in rural markets. An example could be that of the dairy industry. The vehicles form the Dairy factories goes empty to the rural areas for collection and comes back with the milk. So it could be used for the transportation of goods from the factory site to the rural areas.Pepsico Distribution ChainPepsico Indias distribution in rural areas thrives on two major factors -Third party outsourcingHub and spoke model in the rural areas.This mechanism is followed in the urban areas as well but in the rural regions the local entrepreneurs from the smaller spokes of the distribution channels. In all its operations the transportation is outsourced to the third parties. However there are some cases in which large distribution centres have their own fleet for transportation of finished products.The major two challenges faced by the company in the Indian context are the insufficient distribution in the rural sector and the inherent market risks.Distribution form s a major part of the companys link ups as it not only accounts to the revenues wooly-minded but also the potiential market share. The concern is primarily because of the Physical conditions of the Indian market and also the low purchasing power of the rural customer base this results in the setting p of the distribution centre cost being high. Coupled to that we have the insufficient sales offsetting the set up cost.Another concern is the taste of the rural customer who is more attracted to the local juice store or the fruit stall thereby increasing the competition from the unorganized sector.In case of distribution we have the issue of the size of retail store. The retail outlets in rural areas are more or less Kirana stores and there is near complete absence of the retail chains. So the amount of inventory that can be stocked in the small retail stores is very small.Apart from the distribution channel issues we have the risk of the market conditions. The small shops in the rura l areas lack the refrigeration or storage capacities. The inventory is kept to meet the demands for the day and most of it is kept out in the open dues to lack of storage facilities. Thus many a time during the rainy season we can see the closure of these shops and sales of the products getting stalled.Pepsico has implemented the following strategies to overcome these concernsUtilizing the collective efforts of the small scale farmers, land holders and regional governmentAlliances with other multinationalsPromoting entrepreneurshipIt started with a system similar to project Shakti used by the Hindustan Lever, but alliances were with local entrepreneurs and other multinationals. Its started by making the entrepreneur the spoke of its regional distributional network in the rural areas and then went along with Hindustan levers to share its distribution network. This helps the entrepreneur having a larger spectrum of products for distribution and hence a better prospect.The distributio n chain of Pepsico India has a fragmented design which can be largely attributed to the lack of transportation infrastructure. And this resulted in the creation of collaborative and entrepreneurial partnership that thrives with symbiotic existence. An example could be that of a supplier who Is willing to lease land holding from other farmersSupply Chain Management in Rural Market- ChallengesThe following are a few of the challenges that a company faces while managing its supply chain in rural markets.Multiple Tier, Higher Cost and Administration ProblemIn the first place, the rural supply chain requires a larger number of tiers, compared to the urban one. The long distances to be covered from the manufacturing points to the scattered consuming households cause this situation. At the minimum, the rural supply chain need the village-level shopkeeper, the mandi-level distributor and the wholesale/stockiest in the town. And on top of them are the manufacturers own warehouse and branch o ffice operations in selected centres. Such multiple tiers and scattered outfits push up the cost and make supply chain management a major problem. The scope of manufactures direct outlet such as showrooms or depots is quite limited in the rural market unlike in urban areas. It becomes expensive as well as unmanageable. The dependence of the firm on intermediaries is much greater in rural areas as direct outlets are ruled out. But controlling such a vast network of intermediaries is a difficult task. Control is mostly indirect. And because of these factors the firm has to be more careful while selecting the supply chain members in rural areas.Non-availability of dealersAnother problem is the availability of dealers. Many firms find that there are limited numbers of suitable dealers. Even if the firm is willing to start from mug and try out rank newcomers, the choice of candidate is really limited.Poor Viability of Retail OutletRetail sales outlets in the rural market jump from sad viability. A familiar paradox in rural distribution is that the manufacturer incurs additional expenses on distribution, still the retail outlets find that the business in unremunerative. The scattered nature of market and the multiplicity of tiers in the supply chain use up the additional funds the manufacturer is prepared to part with. And no additional money comes to any of the groups. Moreover, the business volume is not enough to sustain the profitability of all the groups and the retail outlet suffers the most.Inadequate Bank FacilitiesSupply chain in rural markets is also handicapped due to lack of adequate banking and credit facilities. Rural outlets need banking support for three important purposes.To facilitate remittances to principals and to get fast replenishment of stocksTo receive supplies through bank (retiring documents with the bank)To facilitate credit from bankAs banking facilities are inadequate in rural areas, rural dealers are handicapped in all these aspects . It is as estimate that there is only one bank branch for every fifth village.Inadequate character reference FacilitiesInadequacy of other institutional credit is another constraint. Rural outlets are inefficient to carry adequate stocks due to lack of credit facilities. They are unable to extend credit to their customers. Thus there is a vicious circle of lack of credit facilities leading to inadequate stocking and loss of business, finally resulting in poor viability of outlets.Lack of Transportation FacilitiesMany rural areas are not connected by proper transportation facilities. There are a very few villages with railways lines. Atleast 50 percent of the rural roads are poorly surfaced, and many totally destroyed or severely damaged by the monsoons and remain unserviceable. Also the use of bullock carts looks inevitable for many years into the future. In such a scenario distribution of goods via any supply chain is a huge challenge in itself.Lack of Proper Communication Facil itiesCommunication with these villages is difficult and highly expensive. Moreover, 300,000 villages in the country have no access to telephone. This acts as a limp to proper supply chain management.Other ChallengesApart from the above there are various other challenges that firms face on day on day basis like.Low literacy rateDifference in languages and DialectsPrevalence of Seasonal DemandRural policyCaliber of the rural community- they have great sharpness but they need intensive trainingSupply Chain Management in Rural Market- How to tackle the ChallengesIn order to tackle the problem of supply chain management the following strategies can be implemented.Satellite Supply ChainIn this system stockists are appointed in the major towns and feeder towns. They by and large discharge the following functions (a) Financing (b) warehousing and (c) sub-distribution. Retailers in and around feeder towns get attached to these stockists. The manufacturer supply goods to the stockists eith er on consignment or on cash/credit basis. Further these stockists deliver the good to the retail market points or satellite markets. Over a period of time some retailers grow in stature and importance. If such retail points also coincide with centres of demand and transportation within the feeder town area, they are elevated to stockists points. If 15-20 retailers were operating as part of the original stockists network, 5 or 6 get elevated over a period of time to stockists. fair retail points get established simultaneously out of which some get attached to the original stockists while others to the new one.This process continues as long as the market and consumption level keep expanding and the supply also catches up via such a supply chain. Just like second- coevals stockists, set of third generation stockists get established with the passage of time. At any point of time, a certain number or retail points hover round a contingent stockist. Hence the system is called Satellite Supply chain distribution. The satellites have their own satellites too.The advantages of this system areMarket penetration takes place without manufacturer having to expand his direct stock points.This system can bring in ample rewards in terms of increased sales and lesser distribution costs.Syndicate Supply ChainThis solution is essentially for small companies tie up with leading companies that already has a presence in rural market and distribute products through there supply chains.Relying on Private Village ShopsTie ups with the village private shops are the cheapest and most convenient channels in the rural markets.Supply Chain Management in Rural Market- OpportunitiesIn the present scenario, companies operating in India will have only two options either

Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay

Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism EssayThe part of sports markets to explore questions of sparing interest has a long business relationship as the majority of this literature analyses US sports, notably Ameri crowd out football, basketball, baseball, and ice hockey, whilst there is also a considerable interest in soccer, the leading worldly concern sport (For example, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships).Over the past two decades there has been change magnitude competition among cities, regions and countries to soldiers mega sporting events Therefore Government and other proponents of major sporting events usually seek to back up their claims of the event providing an scotch procession by commissioning an scotch wallop statement. For example, Economic Research Associates (1984) study of the Los Angeles Olympics, Humphreys and Plummers (1992) study of the Atlanta Olympics, and KPMG Peat Marw icks (1993) study of the Sydney Olympics.Hosting a sport event has revealed a look of benefits in our communities and of those benefits, some reasons like increasing community of interests visibility, positive psychic income, and enhancing community image atomic number 18 all common and acceptable postulations. Economic furbish up in sporting events can be defined as the net change in an saving resulting from a sport event and the change is caused by activity involving the acquisition, operation, development, and use of sport facilities and services (Lieber and Alton, 1983)which in turn generate visitors spending, unexclusive spending, employment opportunities, and tax revenue. In study of economic impact Expenditures can be categorized as direct, indirect, and induced effects. For example direct expenditure is the investment needed to meet the increased demand of visitors for goods and services. Indirect effects atomic number 18 the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-ci rculating the initial spectators dollars. Induced effects are the increase in employment and household income that result from the economic activity furnish by the direct and indirect effects (Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993 Howard Crompton, 1995).Sports Economics possesses substantial experience in economic consulting to the sports industry, with specific knowledge of the economic impact of facilities, events, and teams so considering the promotional material and scrutiny surrounding such studies, it is imperative to select a firm that not only has substantial experience, but also has a reputation for systematically providing an accurate assessment of economic impact.There are following reasons to conduct economic impact studies of sport events and Firstly, because many sport events in our communities were financed by public tax support, economic impact studies continue to be an important public relations tool for city government. Secondly, there is doubt that sporting events may genuinely help develop a community in relative to its economy therefore, accurate estimates should be proposed and the results should be reported to community members and Thirdly, as sport is not just an entertainment but an industry so the results of economic impact may be a cornerstone to develop many related businesses in communities. Finally, positive or negative economic results of sport events may be an important method to determine communities draft budget for the coming year so as an example in July of 2001, Beijing was awarded the 2008 Summer Olympic Games so most people assume that such an event will bring marvelous economic benefits to the host city not just during the event, but for years afterward. The scale of the organization, facilities and infrastructure required for such a huge under victorious are such that the Games cannot but have substantial economic effects (Sydney 2000 Games, p 2) but what exactly are these economic effects, and how do they affect the quali ty of purport of local anaesthetic residents?The relevance of studies for example, such as these to the Beijing games depends in part on the similarity of the economic conditions in China to prior hosts so it seems crystal clear that a less developed country will have more to gain from long term growth opportunities. Matheson and Baade (2003) argue, however, that the prospects of mega-sporting events are even worse for evolution countries and the opportunity costs of providing state of the art facilities are much higher and lack of modern infrastructure requires hearty additional investment.Literature Review on Economic Impact StudiesPrecursorThe aim of this literature review is to understand direct and indirect impact of major sports events on economy and understand how major sports can open in the buff dimension in economy. This has been done through referring various journals, articles and magazines also a survey has been carried out as part of main(a) research to analyze impact of major sports event on Economy however validation of data collected is subject to sources and prevailing conditions. Final sort of this study on IPL covers analysis of contribution of IPL to Indian economy, It analyze that how IPL has opened a new dimension for Indian economy to grow and attracts domestic and remote investors. This phase also covers SWOT analysis of IPL, reasons critical to success of IPL and future ahead.Statement of PurposePreviously many research studies have contributed to understand economic impact of sport and/or recreational events however most studies are based upon the researchers personal perception and arguable methodology. The purpose of this study was to review previous economic impact studies and to construct framework for conducting an economic impact study. This entire theoretical framework has been tested by analyzing a case study of economic Impact of mega sports events like Indian Premier League on Indian economy.Literature ReviewTo st udy Economic impact of sports is challenging topic in the field of management fields because estimating the economic impact of sporting events and make some constructive statement is very difficult and subjective. Due to the subjective nature of social science, ideas and methodology vary from person to person for conducting economic impact studies. The main barricade behind conducting social science research is based on the level of competitiveness and belief in understanding of the material. and also social physical objects are hidden behind a screen of pre-constructed discourses which present the worst barrier to scientific investigation, and countless sociologists believe they are talking about the object of study when they are merely relaying the discourse which, in sport as elsewhere, the object produces about itself, whether through its officials, supporters or journalists (Bourdieu, 1999). Therefore, construction of truly scientific objects implies a break with common repr esentations, which can notably be effected by taking these pre-notions as the object of study so this report examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and proffers the adoption of the balanced scorecard approach to event evaluation. This unite piece of research builds on the original Measuring Success in 1999 which was based on the premise that major sports events have the potential to achieve of import economic impacts for the host town, city or area but economic impact is now one of the parameters upon which an events success is measured.Countries, who host the mega sports event, should make a roadmap for significant investments in sports venues and other infrastructure. It is generally assumed that the scale of such event and roadmap of the preparation for it will render double and long lasting economic benefits to the host country. This would result in huge economic benefits that would have significant economic impact. However unfortunately these studi es are constructed virtually misapplications of economic theoretical framework that nearly guarantee their projections will be large. Ex-post studies have consistently showed no evidence of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely approaching the estimates in economic impact studies. For example, in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China have put up huge investments in infrastructure and facility recreation to a new level. The opportunity for long term economic benefits from the mega sports event like Beijing, critically depend on how well mega sports events related investments in venues and infrastructure can be incorporated into the overall economy in the years following the GamesIn current scenario economic impact studies have become standard operating surgical operation for supporters of public funding for sports events. It has led to acceptance of their findings by the government and public due to their prevalence with no critical evaluation. Due to the huge investment remove in such high profile mega sports events, large and positive Economic effects are taken as given the studies confirm what is already believed. The predict of worldwide exposure and economic gain has made hosting these major and regularly scheduled sporting affairs a lucrative goal for aspiring cities around the world (Short 2000, p. 320).Hosting a mega sport event like Olympic, has exhibited a number of large and long lasting benefits in our communities like enhancing community image, increasing community visibility and positive psychic income are all common and acceptable postulations. However, sport is not just limited to an entertainment, also it act as extensive fledge industry, the results of economic impact may be a cornerstone to develop many related businesses in communities. Positive or negative economic results of sport events may be a critical factor to determine communities draft budget for the coming year.Mega-events such as the Olym pic Games require large sums of public money to be spent on venues and infrastructure improvements. Economic impact studies are often commissioned In order to justify the use of large sum of public money towards invariably large inflows of money that will have a long-term positive effect on the economy by such means as job creation and visitor spending. Scale of the mega sports event which attract large amounts of money from outside a local economy, are forecasted to have economic impacts in the billions of dollarsThe simple elegance of economic impact studies, injections of money circulating over and over in an economy to create a multiplier effect, has an alluring something for-nothing quality that is hard to refute. However to justify a counter argument can be difficult due to numerous mistakes made in economic impact studies. Critics have focused on numerous subjective areas like 1) using multipliers that are too large, 2) treating costs as benefits, 3) ignoring opportunity cost s and 4) using gross spending instead of net changes.In hosting mega sports event the major part of investment required on constructing stadiums, which to a large degree is spent on hiring construction workers and purchasing materials from local suppliers, is counted as a benefit to the local economy.

LAND OF OPPORTUNITY Essay -- essays research papers

United States of America Land of Opportunity?United States of America is known as the land of opportunity for many immigrants who dare to dream of a better life. Since the beginning of American history, United States has focused more about equal opportunity than any other country. There are many great deal who strongly believe that once they come to the United States it is almost guaranteed to find success. For example, my relatives in Korea always ask my parents how much my family has earned so far. Also, they believe that we expire in a totally different world, living the American dream. However, it seems like this country is no longer the land of opportunity for those who are immigrants and the low manikin people.Many immigrants come to United States to achieve their America Dreams as my family did a few years ago. They think that they can get high-paying jobs easily, but the reality is not. gibe to an article, The Land of Opportunity? (Los Angeles business Journal, 1999), im migrants cannot get opportunities for high-paying jobs because The limited number of manufacturing jobs that they might have moved into in previous generations The need for specialized training in many of jobs and The lack of union-style apprentice program. The article also says that many Los Angeles poor families are concentrated among recently arrived immigrant groups, most of them Latino, 600,000 or so Kim02in Los Angeles count...

Points Against And In Favour F :: essays research papers

The trial scene in the Merchant of Venice is the climax of the play as moneylender has buzz offn Antonio to court, as he has not paid back the money he borrowed. moneylender wants the pound of flesh that is the forfeit of the bond concerning the money Antonio borrowed from him. Shylock&8217s main motivation for wanting this forfeit is as his daughter has stolen his money and run away, he is taking out his contuse on Antonio and this blinds him as he does not watch what he is getting into during this sceneFrom the point where Shylock enters the courtroom everyone opposing him is appealing for mercy for Antonio and this is what the scene demonstrates, a charter for mercy. Portia says shortly after she has entered the scene &8216Then the Jew must be merciful&8217 she is not saying that this is what the law says he must be, but that he should do this because it is the only thing he can do cleanly. The mercy theme runs all the way through the scene and many opportunities were offered by the Duke, Bassanio and Portia for Shylock to take the moral course of action, but he constantly refuses saying he should get what he deserves not by moral justice but by the law.Shylock does have the right to the forfeit of his bond and it is Antonio&8217s fault that he is in this situation because he signed the bond of his own separated will. He knew the consequences if he couldn&8217t pay it back as Shylock made it clear from the start. This is shown by when at the start of the court scene when he says &8216Make no more offers use no farther means, but with all brief and plain conveniency let me have judgement, and the Jew his will&8217. When he didn&8217t pay Shylock the money he owed him, Shylock had a right to Antonio&8217s forfeit by law. The problem was he didn&8217t choose the moral path where he probably could have gotten a lot of money and become a very rich man, but chose the forfeit out of spite over his daughter.This theme is also repeated through the scene that Sh ylock deserves his justice by the letter of the law and the forfeit of his bond. This is shown when he says phrases like &8216My whole shebang upon my head I crave the law, the penalty and forfeit of my bond&8217.

Smoking on Campus :: Smoking Students

Smoking on CampusFor Mandie Sload, college and nicotine go hand in hand. A 20-year-old student at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Sload never smoked in high school. She doesnt smoke much over the summers but as soon as a new semester starts, she is back to four or five cigarettes a day. What is it about college life that lures her to smoke? Stress? Peer pressure? Smoking is an addiction. baccy contains nicotine, a drug that is addictive. Once you start smoking, it is very hard, but not impossible to quit. Until recently, I think smoking on college campuses was largely ignored. Alcohol is such(prenominal) a major issue in college that smoking takes a back seat. In the last few years, however, smoking has become a hot topic. unmatched of the reasons for this increased importance is the recognition that the college years are crucial in making or breaking an addiction.As a college student, I have seen graduation hand the prevalence of smoking. All across our campus, c ollege students are lighting up at an alarming rate. In a campus survey I conducted of 15 college students in February 2002, eight students said they were current smokers. I surveyed eight males and seven females. My survey included 18 questions revealing gender, age, class, familial history of smoking, frequency of smoking, desire to quit, regularitys use to quit, awareness of hazards, etc. I surveyed several of my classmates in class, a few sorority sisters in our suite, and random students at the HUB.Fifty-three share of the individuals I surveyed smoke. Sixty-two percent of the students who smoke consider themselves social smokers. Eighty-seven percent of the smokers have tried to quit. The students who have tried to quit have used the cold turkey method and intake reduction by decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked in a week. In addition to the surveys, I conducted three interviews of my roommates in my apartment, an interview of a student from the IUP branch camp us at Punxsatawney, and a case study of my boyfriend, Jason Mavrich. Many of the students I interviewed reported the average age they tried their first cigarette was 15. non surprisingly, I found that smoking is higher among students who have a strong party orientation. College students who are binge drinkers admit I only smoke when I drink.