The Diagnostic and Statistical

People have their own personal faith and belief. Our cultural and parental upbringing influence our life’s principles and beliefs. We may encounter differences with other people based on views and perception on things. And these differences among people comprise the earth’s diversity. There are people who are intolerant of other’s opinion and prejudice. They are also raged by other people belonging from a different race or ethnic background (â€Å"Bigot†). They may also feel outraged by other’s lifestyle and identities that are different from their own. Bigotry is the characteristic and attitude of a bigot.It is the corresponding mindset of people who are extremely judgmental other people. Bigot is a term used in describing people who are firmly devoted in their prejudices, especially when their views are threatened or challenged. It is used to refer to people who hold blindly and intolerantly of their personal creed, opinion and belief (Adamson 200 ). Bigot is often mistaken by people as prejudice. Most people are confused between the two words. Prejudice happens when we tend to easily judge someone or something based solely on our personal opinion or attitude. Prejudice is also a learned behavior.We are taught of what to think about people of different gender, race and disability. It is influenced by our parents and neighborhood. Bigotry is hate. It is a form of prejudice carried to an extreme manner (Martin 149). There are various kinds of bigotry such as religious, racial, political, national and cultural bigotry. Bigotry is most likely seen in aspects of religious and political field. Many people hold fanaticism in their religious and political views. Individuals and groups tend to be blindly deluded by the belief that their religion, race, political party, nation and culture are more superior than the others.Such beliefs made them blindly and intolerant of others (Adamson 200). Based on the canonical definition of psychop athology, it seems to apply on visceral bigotry. Bigotry is not considered as a sickness but it can be regarded as a dysfunction based on some influential definitions of psychopathology. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders define mental disorders based on distress, disability and increase in harmful effects. Alvin Poussaint, a Harvard psychiatrist, believes that bigotry fits the definition and advocates in putting it on the list.Bigotry may be a dysfunction in responding to large segments of humanity. It may constitute impairment in responding healthy and responsible ways toward the targeted groups because of irrational hatred and contempt and other negative attitudes (Martin 130). If a person professes negative remarks blaming single mothers on the impairments of the society, it may be a form of bigotry. This may be under sexism or the belief that one judged the other based on their sex or gender and not through their capability as an individual. They believe that one sex is superior than the other.This is evident in the workplace environment where performance and capabilities are judged based on sex rather than having better qualifications. Sexism may also happen at home, school and society or community (â€Å"Forms of Bigotry†). In the case of having blamed the single mothers for the social ills in the society implies many unverified perceptions toward our women, specifically our single mothers. Single mothers refer to women raising their children in the absence of the father or their husband. Being a single mother is never an easy task. They take on many difficulties in trying to raise their children while earning for a living.Single mothers do not have the aid of their husband either partially or totally. This may cause difficulty in their part. Bigots toward them may blame them for taking part on the national aid extended by the social welfare department. The government extends financial aid on poor families with unemployed h ead of the family. There are also shelters that welcome homeless individuals. Sexists may blame the single mothers for their incapability to find decent jobs and provide the needs of the children. They may also blame the single mothers if their children turned nuisance to society.The delinquency of the children is blamed on their mothers for their incapability to rear them appropriately to become good citizens of the society. If their children become problems of the society, mothers are on the line questioning their eligibility and capability as a mother. It does not question the single fathers trying to raise their children and earn a living at the same time assuming that single fathers can perform the two tasks flawlessly at the same time. This may be viewed as a bias for some women, who may do better than some single fathers.Some single fathers also may be involved in neglecting their children or other types of child maltreatment. It may be a form of bigotry for it generalized si ngle mothers as the culprit of social ills in the society. Being a sexist undermines the qualifications and abilities of people belonging on the other sex to take on a job or task. A sexist may view their sex as superior to others. They may view the other sex as inferior to them and not at their level. Viewing one sex as superior to other creates biases and prejudice toward the views on sex. Bigotry is involved when there is an extreme prejudice, hatred and contempt towards the other sex.Works Cited Adamson, Joseph J. What the World is Coming To?. Lincoln, NE: I Universe, Inc. , 2004. â€Å"Bigot†. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. 26 January 2009 . â€Å"Forms of Bigotry†. articleworld. org. 24 January 2006. 26 January 2009 . Martin, Mike W. From Morality to Mental Health: Virtue and Vice in a Therapeutic Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2006. Martin, Renee J. Practicing What We Teach: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education. Albany, Ne w York: State University of New York, 1995.

An Evaluation of the Relevance and Utility of Lean Manufacturing Approach to the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

Introduction This critical analysis report is aimed at evaluating the relevance and utility of the Lean manufacturing approach to the pharmaceutical supply chain. It covers the principles and application of Lean manufacturing in supply chain management; its potential advantages to the management of quality and efficiency in pharmaceutical industry; and whether Lean is appropriate for the pharmaceutical supply chain. Novartis and Lundbeck case studies are used to describe how the Lean approach is applied to pharmaceutical industry. Principles of Lean manufacturing in supply chain management Lean thinking is a concept that describes a production philosophy aiming for progressive elimination of waste whist safeguarding the critical value (Ende 2011). According to (Sople 2012: 113), the principles of Lean manufacturing are â€Å"customer value, value stream analysis, demand pull, continuous flow, and waste elimination.† The purpose of a Lean supply chain network is to bring the lowest cost in differential customer value, which can be met through collaborative priorities in demand, real-time information on markets, and logistics delivery efficiencies, to name a few. The concept of networks of supply chain partners suggests that the success of companies is through their constant origination from new networks of supply chain partners in order to meet certain objectives. As a general rule, these constantly developing networks can act in response to the dynamic characteristic of customer demand (Sople 2012). The manufacturing function must not be the only domain to whic h Lean principles must be applied. Rather, it must also be applied across organisations in the supply chain to decrease the wastes usually associated with supply chain operations. The full benefit of Lean manufacturing and supply chain management necessitates that the scope of Lean implementations must go beyond a single function and must be structured as a part of managing relationships with customers and suppliers (Lambert 2008). It may therefore be analysed that with the adoption of Lean techniques, the management is tasked to align corporate activities with Lean manufacturing in supply chain management across organisational functions. Lean thinking also allows the organisation to direct business relationships with customers and suppliers. Application of Lean Principles Lean thinking is apparently applicable to pharmaceutical development and manufacturing (Wigglesworth and Wood, 2012). Lambert (2008) states that whilst the various material flows as well as flows of goods and information are the focus of Lean supply chain operations, Lean application to the management of supply chains is further from the physical flows of inventory. It also takes account of the entirety of the business relationship amongst firms. When a firm applies Lean manufacturing concepts to its supply chain management, it begins to focus on value drivers; revenue development; asset efficiency, and reductions in cost, inventory, and working capital. All of these are apparently beneficial to an organisation. Applying Lean thinking to supply chain management is very likely since both of them share commonalities, such as long-term perspectives, value and customer creation; systems view; and structured business relationships;amongst others (Lambert 2008). These commonalities indicate how much Lean thinking and supply chain management lend to each other. Based on this, one can conclude that Lean approaches are aligned to supply chain management and that the two are generally not in contrast with each other. Potential advantages of Lean approach to managing quality and efficiency in the pharmaceutical industry One of the potential advantages of Lean approach in the pharmaceutical industry is the reduction of cost of goods in pharmaceutical development and manufacturing. The implementation of Lean thinking can be carried out by developing workflows and infrastructures to reduce inventories (Ende 2011), which are in fact a target of quality and efficiency efforts within pharmaceutical companies. The concept of continuous manufacturing in pharmaceutical companies deals with the challenge of overproduction, which leads to surplus inventory and longer cycle teams. These are the focus of efficiency on which pharmaceutical companies must be engaged. Its significance is seen in the fact that excess inventory is considered the greatest waste because it brings upon itself certain costs related to the management, storage, and transport of inventories adding to the waste (Schneider 2010). Therefore, when Lean techniques are used, such wastes are reduced, if not totally eliminated within the pharmaceu tical firm. Novartis and H. Lundbeck case studies Novartis is one of the world’s largest pharmaceutical firms (Abreau 2013). The upstream part of its supply chain indicates flow of information and full visibility. Novartis uses product-to-demand technique based on demand, whereby its daily variable demand stream is integrated to production (AMR Research 2006). Between its levels of supply chain are limited visibility and flow of information (Abreau 2013). Despite being ranked number 2 behind Pfizer in cost of goods sold in 2006, Novartis decided to take on Lean principles and become the â€Å"Toyota of pharmaceuticals.† Using Lean principles, the company is focused on reducing its cycle time to 70 per cent and reducing spending by 40 per cent, as well as pursuing continuous manufacturing with raw materials going in one end of the chain and finished products coming out the other (AMR Research 2007). Along with this is the reengineering of every process and role, leveraging information technology, and setting up process-oriented teams in the absence of first-line supervisors so that personnel would report directly to one team leader (Shanley 2004). Here, one can see the application of Lean techniques to Novartis’ supply chain, thereby helping the company to improve its internal processes and eliminate waste. Lundbeck, on the other hand, is an international pharmaceutical firm that began its Lean adoption in 2005. The company went through certain phases in its Lean adoption, such as building consensus in the management group and running a range of Lean events and building a culture around these events. In the first phase, Lundbeck implemented 40 Lean events assisted by external experts, followed by 70 to 80 Lean events each year, with all personnel in the supply chain being involved (Simpler Consulting 2010). Through its adoption of Lean principles in its supply chain, the company was able to cut costs by 25 per cent. Workflow analysis within the organisation is also aided by video cameras, which leads to further improvements. Part of its Lean techniques adoption is the use of large bags instead of small box packaging, which reduced production delays from four hours to only an hour (Miller 2012). Is Lean appropriate to the pharmaceutical supply chain? Yes, Lean techniques are appropriate to the pharmaceutical supply chain. Despite Lean thinking’s origination from Toyota manufacturing, its adoption is still suitable to the pharmaceutical industry. In fact, its applicability is seen in the number of pharmaceutical companies that continue to adopt Lean manufacturing techniques. Although many of these techniques cannot be taken on to the more complex pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, their adoption mirrors the pursuit of increased optimisation (Shanley 200). Boyer and Verma (2010) surmise that whilst the original focus of developing Lean thinking is the manufacture of automobiles, it can still be applied to other industries. This is because Lean approach is more than a set of techniques but is a mindset for all personnel and managers who are focused on waste elimination and reduction of variability in the entirety of the business process. The advantage of Lean’s adoption in the pharmaceutical industry is the ability of pharmaceutical companies to experience logical rhythm through the supply chain. With the Lean enterprise, adaptive supply chain is carried out, causing the whole organisation to possess real-time process visualisation (Hafeli 2006). Argument for agility in the pharmaceutical supply chain Pharmaceutical companies are inclined to be bureaucratic, which results in several wastes in internal processes. With the application of Lean principles, pharmaceutical companies are able to strengthen their relative agility (Radeka 2013). This would mean that despite the relative limitation of the application of Lean principles in the pharmaceutical supply chain as pointed by WCI Consulting Limited (2011), the result is still improved agility in the supply chain. Apparently, the need for agility in supply chain management is founded on decreasing product life cycles and demand patterns of increasingly volatile markets. Sweeney (2009) points out that Lean is not enough, that agility in supply chain is required because of emphasis on speed, with time being a major competitive weapon. This argument is reasonable given the rapidly changing market in which pharmaceutical companies operate. However, as emphasised above, Lean thinking is also applicable to the pharmaceutical industry. An argument arising about the adoption of Lean thinking in the pharmaceutical industry is the risk that goes with it. Such adoption is said to put the supply chain to increased vulnerability to disruptions and unpredictable events due to lack of slack on which to withdraw. With Lean techniques making the supply chain vulnerable, a question that may come up is whether this would mean Lean is not suitable at all. The answer is pharmaceutical companies can apply Lean techniques to cut costs and adopt agility in order to obtain supply chain resilience, as pointed out by WCI Consulting Limited (2011). Conclusion This paper provides a critical analysis of the relevance and utility of Lean techniques in the pharmaceutical supply chain. Lean thinking allows the elimination of wastes and cost reduction in pharmaceutical companies. Lean supply chain considers the entirety of the business relationship amongst firms. Reduced costs of goods and reduced inventories are the potential advantages of Lean approach in the pharmaceutical industry. Novartis and Lundbeck case studies provide an example where Lean techniques and supply chain management become integrated. Despite the effectiveness of agility in supply chain management, Lean cannot be set aside as a valuable tool. References Abreau, P. E. M. (2013) An ANP Model to Support Decision-Making in a Portuguese Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. Reterived on March 22, 2014 from http://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/10724/1/Abreu_2013.pdf AMR Research (2006) Supply Chain Saves the World. US: AMR Research, Inc. AMR Research (2007) Risk!: Navigating an Uncertain World. US: AMR Research Inc. Boyer, K. and Verma, R. (2010) Operations and Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. First Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Ende, D. J. (2011) Chemical Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry: R&D to Manufacturing. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Hafeli, R. (2006) Enabling Lean and Compliant Manufacturing at Novartis with SAP. Denver: SAP Adaptive Manufacturing Summit, September 28. Lambert, D. M. (2008) Supply Chain Management: Processes, Partnerships, Performance. Sarasota, FL: Supply Chain Management Institute. Miller, G. (2012) Lean Earns Lundbeck Big Prize, Cost Cuts. Retrieved on March 22, 2014 from http://www.fiercepharmamanufacturing.com/story/lean-earns-lundbeck-big-prize-cost-cuts/2012-01-18 Radeka, K. (2013) The Mastery of Innovation: A Field Guide to Lean Product Development. NW: CRC Press. Schneider, O. (2010) Adding Enterprise Value: Mitigating Investment Decision Risks by Assessing the Economic Value of Supply Chain Initiatives. Zurich: vdf Hochshulverlag AG Shanley, A. (2004) Novartis Goes Lean. Retrieved on March 22, 2014 from http://www.pharmamanufacturing.com/articles/2004/111/ Simpler Consulting (2010) Lean Management of the Pharmaceutical Sector Brings Increased Efficiency and Improved Quality While Increasing Profits. Retrieved on March 22, 2014 from http://www.simpler.com/success-stories/Lundbeck_Case-Study.pdf Sople, V. V. (2012) Supply Chain Management: Text and Cases. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd. Sweeney, E. (2009) Lean, Agile and Resilient Pharmaceutical Supply Chains: Jargon or ActionIrish Pharmachem Buyers Guide (September), 38-39. WCI Consulting Limited (2011) Keeping the Supply Chain Agile. Retrieved on March 22, 2014 from http://www.wcigroup.com/Nostrapharmus/Keeping%20the%20supply%20chain%20agile.pdf Wigglesworth, M. and Wood, T. (2012) Management of Chemical and Biological Samples for Screening Applications. Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co.

BA 200 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BA 200 - Essay Example The application of a comprehensive school reform in culturally and linguistically diverse school, for instance, is â€Å"both a rewarding and challenging enterprise† (Datnow, Borman, Stringfield, Overman, and Castellano 162). It is concluded that learning and student experience becomes more enriched through these programs. While CSUB implements policies that  prevent discrimination against gender, racial, and religious minorities, it lacks programs that promote and support the needs of minority students. University organizations, programs, and activities usually cater to the needs of the dominant majority of white, heterosexual students. Minority students are left with the choice of joining these groups and participating in their activities. This lack of choice in  organizations and activities tend to limit students' freedom. In a study of policy changes by D’Augelli, he states that â€Å"lesbians and gay men on campus were empowered† (126). It is, therefore, encouraged to establish organizations and promote activities that will benefit minority students. Different initiatives can be enacted to encourage students exercise their freedom within the premises of the university. First, a public space can be devoted to students where they can write the things they like and dislike  about the university.

Branded Identities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Branded Identities - Essay Example Similarly, the identities of brands, being closely linked with consumer behaviour, also have different value and impact over consumers' choice. Consumerism: Concept of consumerism has gone through various chronological advances. Traditional consumer models believed consumers are not effected by any influences but by their own brain's instinct and external factors like family, friends, choices cannot influence their buying decisions. This theory could not survive longer as it was limited in conception and did not fulfil the needs of various analyses. Traditional theory considered consumers as information processors who are not affected by any choices and alternatives available. On contrary it also describes that companies can dominate the mind of customers and customer don't bother about available or missing information. (Simon, 1955, Q. J. of Econ.) "The existence of underlying preferences is a vital scientific question for economists. If the answer is affirmative, then the evidence from cognitive psychology implies only that economists must look through the smoke screen of rules to discern deeper preferences that are needed to value economic policies. This is a difficult task but not an impossible one. If the answer is negative, then economists need to seek a foundation for policy analysis that does not require that the concept of 'the greatest good for the greatest number' be meaningful. I am guardedly optimistic that the question has an affirmative answer." (McFadden, D. 2000. p. 345-346). Consumerism & Psychology: Similarly, consumerism and psychological aspects are also attached together. Various theories are presented to establish a strong link between these two. Weber's ([1904] 1998) "iron cage" is also the depiction of psychological trap of consumers. Furthermore, Psychologist Barry Schwartz (1994), also is of the opinion that external and demographic factors psychological influence a person's buying behaviour. Barry Schwartz believes that companies offer incentives and psychological benefits to customers which are in real life very much meaningful for the consumers and consumers has a sense of achievement by having these benefits with them."By embracing the "freedom" of the marketplace in all aspects of our lives, we find that many of the things we value most deeply-meaningful, satisfying work; intimate, compassionate friends, family and community; real education; significant spiritual and ethical commitment; political involvement; and even, ultimately, material well-being-are increasingly difficult to achieve." (P. 10) Consumerism and its Historical, Social and Economic Impact: Cognitive psychologists believe that culture is manifest in peoples mind. (DiMaggio 1997, p.272; Cf. Shore 1996). They also believe that historical aspect and social background, and consumers' experiences play a vital role to develop their self-concept and identity. Different consumers behave differently because of their difference in socio-cultural background, behavior and economic perspective. 'Iron cage', is in fact, 'mental cage' that is influenced by various culturally framed mental fields.(Zerubavl 1991). Further

Restrucure education for creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Restrucure education for creativity - Essay Example Like earlier efforts to build canals, railroads, highways, and other physical infrastructure to power industrial growth, the United States today needs to massively increase its public and private investments in human infrastructure (Florida, 2007). Today's era demands substantial assistance in educating and training people from the initial stage up to the higher stages of learning making good education as an avenue for the enhancement of human creativity. Various learning institutions must be a motivating force in boosting the full potentials and creative capacities of students in fulfilling not only basic human rights but also the dictates of the economy. We all know that experience is the best teacher, especially experience with the guidance of God; Florida asserts "Learned by doing" and it is true among students rich with an ocean of ideas and concepts. Transforming these students into skilled and talented persons may preserve the national economic competitiveness. Universities are the heart of the Creative Economy. America's strong university system is the source of much of our best scientific, social, and creative leadership. However our concept of what university must be is limited, yet still it serves as the laboratories of new research and technology of modern society (Florida, 2007). A university is a natural source of ethnic, socioeconomic, a... Principle 6: The University as Creative Hub Universities are the heart of the Creative Economy. America's strong university system is the source of much of our best scientific, social, and creative leadership. However our concept of what university must be is limited, yet still it serves as the laboratories of new research and technology of modern society (Florida, 2007). A university is a natural source of ethnic, socioeconomic, and cultural diversity. A student may get pleasure from learning seeing the positive perspective of multicultural diversity; sharing and exploring language and cultural differences adds life and vigor to students' creative minds. Students' skills are avenues in learning; whether it is singing, dancing, gymnastics, games, physical education or sports. Sports contribute much in encouraging students' learning ability; teaching students through rigid disciple. Developing these skills may contribute not only academically but also economically. Enhancing these skills to Olympics level may carry prestige and honor not only for the society alone but for the whole country. "Rigorous teaching of literacy and genuine creativity can be mutually supportive: good literature at the heart of the primary curriculum provides an essential basis for both." - Information provided by Miles Tandy,Warwickshire Advisory Services The Dilemma In other country, The Commons education committee warns that creativity is a "second-order priority". Labour MP Barry Sheerman said that the funding structure "suggests that creativity is a 'second-order priority'" for the department for Children, Schools and Families (DSCF). He further noted that, "schools were enthusiastic about the benefits of creativity - but

Application of theories of psycology, sociology in the context of Essay

Application of theories of psycology, sociology in the context of (UK)paramedic practice - Essay Example Advanced training for the extension of roles of paramedical professionals is essential (DoH (c), 2001), with training and education in skills needed for assessment and treatment of conditions among the elderly such as wounds, fractures, cervical spine injury and stroke, in the community setting (Mason et al, 2003). They thus reduce the National Health Service’s (NHS) problem of increasing expenditure on emergency medical admissions (Gray & Walker, 2008). New initiatives need to be developed to improve the assessment of elderly patients (DoH (a), 2001; DoH (b), 2001). Ambulance Mrs. Thomas is a frail old lady of eighty years. She fell down, when her ankle twisted unexpectedly, causing severe pain in her left hip, which took her weight during the fall. She could not be moved to her bed. Her spouse dialled 999 and asked for paramedics to attend to her urgently. In this case, paramedics arrived quickly, and gently shifted her on to a stretcher, from where she was transferred to her bed. Using their knowledge and experience about hip fractures in the elderly, including a sprained ankle, the paramedics decided to immobilize her hip and support her ankle, while administering her a pain killer. Integrated decision making with a multidimensional team helped them decide to provide medical treatment and nursing care in the home setting, without hospital admission. Knowledge which is linked to power is a sociological theory, based on knowledge having the power to have an effect on individuals, or more generally on society (Adams & Sydie, 2001). In the context of paramedic practice, a combination of both theory and practice are used in the exercise of judgment related to emergency medical cases, termed as â€Å"knowledge invested in action† (Dunne, 1999: 707; Hager, 2000). An important theory that is applicable to paramedics’ work in relation to judgment, decision making and application

How the book canterbury tales reflects its time Essay

How the book canterbury tales reflects its time - Essay Example All these experiences trained him to be a poet of men as he appeared eventually in the Canterbury Tales. In the Canterbury Tales he fixed up the spirit of his age for future generations to observe and appreciate. In the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer is almost silent about the very stirring historic and political events of his age (Phillips 27). Chaucer does of course casually refer to some of these events, but there is no full length treatment of any of them. The Peasant’s Revolt is referred to in the Nun’s Priest’s Tale. The Battles of Crecy and Poietiers are glanced at elsewhere. The allusion to the Black Death comes in Chaucer’s character sketch of the Doctor of Physic in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. There is then a latent reference to Lollardism in the delineation of the Poor Parson who like a Lollard believed in simple living and high thinking. Chaucer’s subtlety with the treatment of historical events could be attributed to his concern as a poet, with the dateless and universal aspects of human nature. The Canterbury Tales gives us a fairly authentic and equally extensive picture of the socio-political conditions prevailing in England in the age of Chaucer (Schoeck & Taylor 31).